Cloud Computing Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cloud Computing Assignment - Research Paper Example According to a theoretical viewpoint, the terms ‘cloud’ indicates the abstraction of resources, technology, and its location which are significant in establishing the incorporated infrastructure of computing which comprises of systems, networks, and applications. Most of the information technology experts view the concept of cloud computing as a model instead of technology. According to them, this model is used by the customers to plug into the â€Å"cloud† to access IT resources which are priced and provided â€Å"on-demand†. Essentially, IT resources are rented and shared among multiple tenants much as office space, apartments, or storage spaces are used by tenants (David, 2010). The concept of cloud computing is a substitution for the service providing or the data centre through the delivery of an internet connection. At the basic level, the concept of cloud computing relies on shared services and very broad infrastructure convergence. A very precise def inition of the model states that it is a computing system based on the internet technology where the software, platform, infrastructure, devices and other resources are provided by the virtual shared server on pay-as you- use basis. Therefore, all such information which is provided by the digitized system in the model is the cloud computing. These services can be accessed by users with the help of ‘internet cloud’ even if the users do not have any prior knowledge on the resource management. Thus, this technology can enable them to focus more on the basic business functions and processes instead of wasting time on gaining the knowledge on the resource management of the business processes. The usage of cloud computing does not require the ownership of any type of infrastructure. In this way they are able to avoid huge expenses. They only use the resources and pay for it and most of the infrastructure of cloud computing comprises of the services which are built on servers and delivered with the help of common centres. These types of data centres permit the business organizations to introduce their applications and make them more efficient and faster with an ease of maintenance and manageability. Moreover, they also make the Information Technology able of adjusting the resources quickly in order to meet the varying and uncertain business demands (Luit Infotech, 2012). History The fundamental concept of cloud computing originated in the 1960s, with John McCarthy giving his opinion that the concept of computation needs to be established as a public utility some day. Then, Douglas Parkhill's , in his book, The Challenge of the Computer Utility, published in 1966, thoroughly discovered almost all the advanced features of cloud computing, which include elastic provision, the usage of the private, public, community and government forms and the comparison to the electricity industry. There were other scholars and researchers too, during 1950s, who worked upo n the features, operations and feasibility of the cloud computing model. The real term "cloud" has been taken from the telephony in the companies of telecommunications, which had continued to offer the customers point-to-point data circuits until 1990s. Then, they began offering Virtual Private Network (VPN) services which lead the IT

The importance of architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The importance of architecture - Essay Example Moreover, education in architectural discipline has had significant impact on build architectural work. Jacob (Para 1) argues that the role of architects in the contemporary public life have been significantly reduced. They are either viewed as intellectuals in the public or engrossed in the agenda or policy formulations that define the contemporary environment of built. The earlier traditional roles have sublimed. The practices and processes have been undermined by rise of other specialties in the built environment. This is quite different for the period immediately after World War 1 as well as in the eighties when architecture was the main activity of the construction of the civil society. However, today architect, construction and development are viewed as holistically a private enterprise. The increasing networking of the society has continued to transform. Consequently, the relationship of the world and designs has also changed. In addition, the advancement of technology and communication has been the driving factors in the changes in the architectural field and phenomenon that r esult from the changes. In the architect of perception, spaces were designed in architectural works to ignite senses of individuals. It is usually assumed that qualities of spaces in terms of visibility dominate the perception of the society concerning building or structures (The Angry Architect Para 1). Over the years, some architects and artists have done experiments on some specific devices for sensory purposes. The spaces that have been designed in the architectural field to transform the qualities of architectural designs are: sound, touch, smell, sight, and taste. For example, when the significance of sound is incorporated in the architectural work or building, the design of the building may be that which provides a silent environment. However, on some cases a particular sound may not be preserved. Dunton

Cloud Computing Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cloud Computing Assignment - Research Paper Example According to a theoretical viewpoint, the terms ‘cloud’ indicates the abstraction of resources, technology, and its location which are significant in establishing the incorporated infrastructure of computing which comprises of systems, networks, and applications. Most of the information technology experts view the concept of cloud computing as a model instead of technology. According to them, this model is used by the customers to plug into the â€Å"cloud† to access IT resources which are priced and provided â€Å"on-demand†. Essentially, IT resources are rented and shared among multiple tenants much as office space, apartments, or storage spaces are used by tenants (David, 2010). The concept of cloud computing is a substitution for the service providing or the data centre through the delivery of an internet connection. At the basic level, the concept of cloud computing relies on shared services and very broad infrastructure convergence. A very precise def inition of the model states that it is a computing system based on the internet technology where the software, platform, infrastructure, devices and other resources are provided by the virtual shared server on pay-as you- use basis. Therefore, all such information which is provided by the digitized system in the model is the cloud computing. These services can be accessed by users with the help of ‘internet cloud’ even if the users do not have any prior knowledge on the resource management. Thus, this technology can enable them to focus more on the basic business functions and processes instead of wasting time on gaining the knowledge on the resource management of the business processes. The usage of cloud computing does not require the ownership of any type of infrastructure. In this way they are able to avoid huge expenses. They only use the resources and pay for it and most of the infrastructure of cloud computing comprises of the services which are built on servers and delivered with the help of common centres. These types of data centres permit the business organizations to introduce their applications and make them more efficient and faster with an ease of maintenance and manageability. Moreover, they also make the Information Technology able of adjusting the resources quickly in order to meet the varying and uncertain business demands (Luit Infotech, 2012). History The fundamental concept of cloud computing originated in the 1960s, with John McCarthy giving his opinion that the concept of computation needs to be established as a public utility some day. Then, Douglas Parkhill's , in his book, The Challenge of the Computer Utility, published in 1966, thoroughly discovered almost all the advanced features of cloud computing, which include elastic provision, the usage of the private, public, community and government forms and the comparison to the electricity industry. There were other scholars and researchers too, during 1950s, who worked upo n the features, operations and feasibility of the cloud computing model. The real term "cloud" has been taken from the telephony in the companies of telecommunications, which had continued to offer the customers point-to-point data circuits until 1990s. Then, they began offering Virtual Private Network (VPN) services which lead the IT

What if it Were You Essay Example for Free

What if it Were You Essay Probably the most debated topic today is abortion. It is uncommon for the topic to be brought up when new friends are first meeting because almost everyone has a stand on the issue, and there are only two possible stands (which happen to be largely the opposite). According to the Websters dictionary, the definition of abortion is: expulsion of a fetus from the womb before it is viable. You might say that this definition is a little unclear because we must ask, what does Webster mean by viable? In the same edition, the definition of viable is: able to take root and grow. Now I dont know about you, but I think that if you nourish and feed a fetus from the first day of conception properly, it will be able to take root and grow. If you dont believe me, every single human life today (including yours and mine) are walking proof of this. So then, if the definition of abortion is a fetus expelled before it can take root and grow, the definition contradicts itself, and abortion is therefore the expulsion of a human. Now where Im from, expulsion of a human is a crime in which in most cases is punishable by death if not life imprisonment. I cant even begin to understand how the issue of abortion is even a question, or  much less exists! What a sick and twisted world we live in. Its a good thing for all those hardcore pro-choicers out there that their mothers happened to be pro-life. Ironic, huh? I am going to give a few arguments against abortion, and I will then look at the opposing views and make a rebuttal. The first and foremost argument is that abortion is just wrong it is the killing of the innocent(Pearce 7). Considering that the majority of America and this world believe in (a similar) God, God definitely is pro-life (or at least his mother was). Anyone that wants to follow God simply cannot be for abortion under any circumstances. God is the creator of life and intended for a child to be born the natural way not sucked up by a vacuum and discarded into a trashcan. Now if youre not one of those people that believe in God, you might still be against murder. Im telling you that abortion is no different than murder. The major question that comes into  mind for many Christians is: When does a fetus/baby have a soul? or rather, When is the fetus a human? A medical group of biochemists and geneticists were asked the same question, and found 19 to 1 that: The majority of our group could find no point in time between the union of sperm and egg, or at least the blastocyst stage, and the birth of the infant at which  point we could say that this was not a human life. A good comparison to remember is that a fetus is to a baby as a ten year old child is to an adult: each is just an older version of the former (and all are human). There are many women that have now gone insane because of abortions. They realize what they have done and feel as if they have killed the very child they should have loved(Green 1). The number one comeback to any pro-life arguments is that abortion is the womans right to choose. My rebuttal is simply, What if the aborted fetus was a female (or hence a woman), Where the heck was her so-called right to choose? The same excuse can be made for a mother of ten children all under the age of 11, that wants to kill herself. She might say, Its my body, my life, why the heck cant I commit suicide? I have the right to choose death. I would say that no, she really doesnt have that right because she will be affecting at the lives of at least ten other people. Im gonna guess that those ten kids cant probably survive too well without her. So does she have the right to choose death of her own body, much less that of somebody elses (the unwanted fetus)? Heck NO! My question is why doesnt a woman have the right to choose  right after the baby has been born? Or does she. Partial-birth abortion is a practice supported by many pro-choicers in which the baby is killed after it has partially been born. If a woman held a gun to her child after it was halfway out and shot it, would it be murder? What about  ¾ of the way out? What if the baby is only connected by the toe, or to the umbilical cord? Its considered murder if the mother shoots her baby once it is completely out of the womb. a In regards to my statement that women who have had abortions often go insane, many people believe that it is the fault of us pro-lifers that we are too harsh, and therefore make them feel remorseful. The fact is, the truth hurts. If someone killed someone, and then was told how bad it was, they would feel sorry too. Everyone today wants to never be told what is right and wrong, so that they cant be held culpable for their actions. That is just like Platos allegory of the cave, in which everyone is tied up and watches shadows on the wall, not realizing that there is another world out there. One man (Socrates) unties himself and escapes. When he comes back to tell everyone about this whole new world, they beat him up and choose to deny it. And as in Platos day, there are many of us who  wish not to see the truth and take the easy way out. We must all do what Socrates did: escape from the world and find and preach the truth. Another argument made for abortion is: What if a teenage girl is raped? My answer is Give it up for adoption! One might answer me back and say, There are already too many orphaned kids who arent that well taken care of. My answer is to ask those poor orphaned kids if they would rather be alive than dead by putting a gun up to their head, or better yet, threaten them with a vacuum to suck their brains out. I can almost guarantee you that they will choose life, and be happy that their mothers also did. One final argument for abortion is people want to know what if the child will be disabled? First of all, go see the movie that is based on a true story, RADIO. Disabled people can teach so many people how to love. They have taught me what unconditional love is. But aside from all this, just like with the orphaned kids, just put a gun up to them, and they will probably give you some indication to stop. After reading a first draft of  this essay, one of my peers asked me, Should a person who has no sign of consciousness (retarded) and does nothing good to this world be entitled to live? My answer is Why would they  not be entitled to live? Even if we knew that someone was going to do harm to this world, it would be murder to kill him. If someone had killed Hitler before he had done so much evil, it wouldve still been murder. There once was a pregnant woman who had syphilis and was an alcoholic, and the father was also an alcoholic. Should she have aborted her baby, who had such a high risk of turning out deformed? If she had aborted that baby, she wouldve killed Beethoven. (True story!) Finally, I would like to conclude with the steps in an abortion process. There are types of induced abortions: Dilatation and curettage; Suction; Hysterotomy; and saline poisoning. Dilatation and curettage, or D and C is a process by which the doctor sticks an instrument (curette) up into the uterus, and cuts the baby to pieces, and then scrapes all the pieces out (Wilkes 18). Blood is not uncommon. Suction is a method by which the baby is sucked through a vacuum and then spit into a tube into many pieces. Hysterotomy is similar to a Caesarian section in which the doctor cuts open the mothers stomach, and then throws the baby away. (See pictures attached.) The saline poisoning method is done by injecting a needle of poison into the amniotic sack of the baby, and watching it go into  convulsions for about an hour, and then dies. The mother goes through labor, and delivers a dead baby. By the way, science now tells us that a baby has a fully developed nervous system at three months, and can thus feel everything. In the movie The Silent Scream, the doctors poke the baby, and you can see it jump and writhe in pain. People today just dont have hearts anymore. So I hope I have convinced you that abortion is wrong and evil, and must be banned. Some say that there is another civil war to be fought over  abortion. This might seem a bit rash, but the truth is, abortion is that serious.

Mainstream Media In Malaysia

Mainstream Media In Malaysia The mainstream media in Malaysia has always been perceived as a key pillar of change for the most of the government policies. Nowadays, media play a role as helping to widespread information content, news coverage, ideas, opinions, and entertainment to gigantic audiences. According to the definition, media is defined as a channel that able to transfer messages to reach broad audiences in term of mass communication. Furthermore an array of media is available such as print media, broadcast media, Internet and etc. Print media is a medium by using printed materials to publish the information which is include newspaper, books, magazine, and broachers. In opposite, broadcast media is using electronic to send message that include devices of televisions, radio, CDs, and the other. Lastly, Internet also considered as one of the effective and latest technology that allows users to access to the web in anytime and anywhere you can. Internet contains emails, webpages, blogs, graphics, video download and social networking that could reach globally and nationally. As such government tends to use the variety of media to spread 1Malaysia concept around the globe and encourage Malaysia citizens to build a peaceful and harmony world. Advertisement is one of the effective ways in promoting, so government chooses to publish through the advertising that exert direct and indirect influence to increase the awareness of Malaysia citizen. Besides, they can also easily expose to the media content which is related to 1Malaysia concept in webpage, blogs, graphics and video as well. Government highlights the important of 1 Malaysia concept by repeating the advertising and audiences tend to remember the messages. The goal of 1 Malaysia concept is aim to achieve unity among different races, religions, beliefs and culture. At the same time, government needs media to approach to citizens and communicate towards the concept of 1 Malaysia. The Malaysia Government has putting much effort in promoting the concept by using mainstream media such as playing patriotic songs and Rukun Negara through television and radio. During Merdeka day, newspapers have also published wide range of topic about political and our multi racial country. Those publish materials not only helps to strengthen our national unity, the audiences also affected by the media after they saw the slogans in advertising. As a conclusion, government use mainstream media as a powerful tool to encourage the acceptance of the concept by the citizens of Malaysia. 1 Malaysia concept can be strengthens and generate desired outcome. Discussion Limited effect theory According to the Paradigm Shift, media were conceptualized as rarely have powerful and has direct influence towards the audiences. Media might have certain effect, but it is indirect influence as audiences always been affected by the people who surrounding them and opinion leaders. They can be influenced by variety factors such as individual interpretation, personal status, environment, education and etc. Besides, Lazarsfeld and Hovland also argued that effect of media towards audiences is limited and they disagree what implied in mass society theory. Lazarsfeld had developed a research study to measure the media influence and proof that media is powerless on shaping public opinion. And this theory is defined as Limited Effect Theory. It shows that there are minority of people were behaving vulnerable and tend to rely on mass media. Lazarsfeld and Hovland try to have better understanding towards media so they developed a media studies. They wish that media could be control well and use it in a proper way. But unfortunately, they realized that media were not as powerful as implied in mass society theory. Lazarsfeld believes in inductive approach which is start from empirical observation and develops a theory. From his research observation argued that if media is powerful, the propaganda is tend to reinforce and influences the voters candidate choice. And the results shows that majority of people are influences from others who surrounding them more than the media content. Thus, the gate keepers act as the opinion leaders that persuade and lead those opinion followers decision. They are the one who interpret the media information carefully and share their own view with the others. This also referred as two step flow. Based on this theory, opinion leaders own a characteristic such as active, aggressive, heavy media user and talkative which is usually tend to shape public opinion. In opposite, opinion followers are those who tend to follow. In conclusion, media is powerless in term on influence viewers opinion. For example, we are educated since we are young, so we are able to interpret the message from media and choose what to believe or not to believe. Media is lack powerful to convert viewers mind and beliefs as they got ability to analyze the media content, but not being vulnerable towards the manipulation of media and propaganda. Moreover, viewers also will base on their own different interpretation and influences to select whether to trust the media. Some of them might receive it differently, some of them might been influenced by their group membership as well. Opinion and views From my personal opinion, I am being neutral for the usage of mainstream media to promote 1 Malaysia concept. Media is able to effect audiences but with limited influences. The influence that occurs is indirectly which is based on individual differences. Government publishes about the important of unity among racial through television, radio, newspaper or Internet, but viewers can choose to receive the information or reject the messages. Promoting 1 Malaysia concept is not only relies on mainstream media to achieve the desired outcome; Malaysia government should have to consider individuals from different background, status, education and etc. Audiences have been educated since young, so they have held strong beliefs and certain mind set. Mass media is not so easily can change their attitude and behaviors in a short period of time. In fact, audiences are not vulnerable or just been force to receive the information from media. They can interpret and analyze, they will also get influenced through the interactive from the others as well. For example, they might receive the message from the 1 Malaysia advertising, but they are influenced by people who are surrounding them. Discussion 2 Diffusion of Innovation In another discussion, I will base on the diffusion of innovation theory which is explained how innovations are introduced and adopted by various communities. This theory was successfully developed by Everett M. Rogers and he extended the two step flow theory. There are 5 stages of info diffusion theory which is including innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards. The adoption process usually begins from innovators. They are people who are knowledgeable; well- educated and tends to be aware about certain information from mass media. In this situation, when government use mainstream media to promote about 1 Malaysia concept. Innovators are more aware about the message and interprets based on their own knowledge. They expose to the media content, and understand about the functioning of 1 Malaysia concept. Moreover, they also gained education information towards the advertising such as Rukun Negara or patriotic songs; they will be behave more alert and remember the messages. Next, the innovation process will be adopted by a small group of people which is known as early adopters. They are the individual who are interested and try to seek for more details information after they saw the advertising. Most of the time, people tend to follow when the early adopters adapt to the innovation. In such, early adopters will take some necessary action after they exposed to the 1Malaysia advertising or media content. They will try to increase the unity among different races by giving commitment, organizing open house activity or be more aggressive to participate in patriotic events. Besides that, early majority is located in the third stage of process. At the same time they also referred as an opinion leaders. Early majority usually observe and refer to the innovators decision than only make the last decision. They own a characteristic such as active, aggressive, talkative, credibility and etc, so people tend to follow and believe the decision made by early majority when they share their views and opinions. Additionally, early majority always play a role as encourage and influence people in decision making. Based on the 1 Malaysia concept, early majority tend to persuade the opinion followers to believe and accept the the 1 Malaysia concept t that published by Malaysia government. They have the ability to motivate the others and successfully generate the desired objectivity of 1 Malaysia concept. For example, opinion leaders might encourage people to participate themselves in Malaysia patriotic events, and opinion followers will agree and follow his decision. During the fourth stage of innovation process, those opinion followers are tend to believe on the opinion leaders by giving full commitment. Opinion leaders will share their opinion, views, and past experiences to shape the public opinion. In this case, they are usually popular among the group, or an influential people. For example, opinion leaders convey the 1 Malaysia concept and sharing based on his own opinion. What he speck out is trustworthy and credibility, in such peoples are influenced by the opinion leaders and they will support and believe in his decision making. Lastly the end of the adoption process is the laggards. They also referred as the late majority. They can either be very traditional or more isolated in social system, as they not dare to take the risk and believe the information which is publish in mass media. Compare to the others, they usually take much longer time to adopt innovation and make changes. Based on the usage of mainstream media to promote the 1 Malaysia concepts, they might be the last group of people that try to move on and make changes. For example, they just try to expose and participate themselves in Malaysia patriotic events while the others already joined for many times. http://1malaysia.com.my/my/news_archive/government-to-adopt-moderation-approach-to-promote-global-peace-najib/ http://1malaysia.com.my/my/news_archive/najib-urges-media-to-help-promote-moderation/ http://transfomasimalaysia.blogspot.com/2011/03/1malaysia-concept-cannot-be.html http://www.thefreedictionary.com/print+media http://kifah-arifin.blogspot.com/2011/07/ways-to-strengthen-national-unity-among.html http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2216049/Limited-Effects-Theory-of-Mass-Communication http://www.stanford.edu/class/symbsys205/Diffusion%20of%20Innovations.htm http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/Richerson/BooksOnline/He19-95.pdf http://www.rogerclarke.com/SOS/InnDiff.html. Media manipulation often involves government or corporate propaganda and spin. Sometimes organizations and governments can feed fake news or politically or ideologically slanted stories to broadcasters which depict them as quality news items and journalism. In this way, the media can truly serve as a catalyst for development, he added. patriotic spiri to more strongly emphasise national unity and efficient governance. It is a principle that intends to guide and build a united and progressive nation. The concept is aimed at inculcating the spirit of togetherness and a sense of belonging among Malaysians, regardless of race, religion and creed.

Uses of Petroleum :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Petroleum products are used widely in our everyday lives. They are used to power automobiles produce containers and to keep us warm. Petroleum, or crude oil is liquid composed of various organic chemicals. It is found in large quantities below the surface of Earth and is used as a fuel and as a raw material in the chemical industry. The word petroleum comes from the two Latin words â€Å"petro† and â€Å"leum† â€Å"petro† meaning rock and â€Å"leum† meaning oil. The chemical composition of all petroleum is principally hydrocarbons which are a family of organic compounds, composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen. Petroleum is formed under Earth’s surface by the decomposition of organisms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The remains of tiny organisms that live in the sea are trapped with the sands and silts that settle to the bottom in sea basins. These deposits become the source rocks for the generation of crude oil. The process began many millions of years ago with the development of abundant life, and it continues to this day. The sediments grow thicker and sink into the seafloor under their own weight. As additional deposits pile up, the pressure on the ones below increases several thousand times, and the temperature rises by several hundred degrees. The mud and sand harden into shale and sandstone and the remains of the dead organisms are transformed into crude oil and natural gas. Surface deposits of crude oil have been known to humans for thousands of years. In the areas where they occurred, they were long used for limited purposes, such as caulking boats, waterproofing cloth, and fueling torches. By the time the Renaissance began in the 14th century, some surface deposits were being distilled to obtain lubricants and medicinal products, but the real exploitation of crude oil did not begin until the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution had by then brought about a search for new fuels, and the social changes it effected had produced a need for good, cheap oil for lamps; people wished to be able to work and read after dark. Once petroleum forms, it flows upward in Earth’s crust because it has a lower density than the brines that saturate the interstices of the sands and carbonate rocks that constitute the crust of Earth. The crude oil and natural gas rise into the pores of the coarser sediments lying above. For several years people had known that wells drilled for water and salt were occasionally infiltrated by petroleum, so the concept of drilling for crude oil itself soon followed.

Case Study: Impact on Children of Substance Abuse, Domestic Violence, a

Studies have shown that children who grow up in families where there is substance misuse, mental illness or domestic violence are more vulnerable to significant harm (Kendall-Taylor and Mikulak 2009).Children’s vulnerability usually stems from the effects of substance misuse, domestic violence or mental illness on parenting ability. Substance misuse, domestic violence and mental illness can result in parent’s finding it difficult to organize their lives to meet both their personal needs and their children’s physical, emotional and social needs. Parents may also find it difficult to control their reactions and adverse mood fluctuations, thus, many children are often affected and some even for a life time .Naturally this can terrify children and leave them feeling fretful, uncertain and over cautious. Vulnerability such as the effects of maternal drug or alcohol misuse or direct physical attacks on the abdominal region of a pregnant woman, may even extend to the un born child. Substance Misuse The term 'misuse' has different contextual applications. When applied to substances such drugs (whether prescribed or illicit) or alcohol, it simply means that the usage of the substance in question is too much (excessive) and may cause harm to the concerned individual either by directly affecting daily endeavors, or by gradually destroying a normal life. Usage of legal drugs such as nicotine, caffeine, or alcohol without much thought is often common with many people (National Alliance on Mental Illness USA 2011). It may cause difficulties in relationships or affect performance at home and at work. According to findings, persistent use of one or more of these substances often leads to some level of tolerance in the affected individual. Thi... ... to make them feel important and wanted which would in turn serve to make them ore open and cooperative. Bibliography Eastwood, Paul. Statistics on Drug Misuse: England. pdf, England: UK NHS Information Centre, 2011. Kendall-Taylor, Nat, and Anna Mikulak. FrameWorks Institute. Feb 2009. Retrived on 15 Aug, 2011 from http://www.frameworksinstitute.org/assets/files/PDF_childmentalhealth/childmentalhealthreview.pdf Mental Health Foundation . 2011. Retrieved on 15 Aug, 2011 from http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/ National Alliance on Mental Illness USA. Mental Illness. 2011. Retrieved on 15 Aug, 2011 from http://www.rethink.org/about_mental_illness/dual_diagnosis/what_is_substance_mi.html WHO. Management of substance abuse . 2011. Retrieved on 15 Aug, 2011 from http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/alcohol/en/ (accessed Aug 08, 2011).